Pequeño tamaño, gran impacto: un análisis de la contaminación por microplásticos
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La contaminación por microplásticos es una preocupación creciente debido a sus diversos orígenes y sus impactos generalizados en los ecosistemas y la salud humana. Estos residuos, que provienen principalmente de la degradación de plásticos de mayor tamaño, contaminan tanto el medio acuático como el terrestre. En los cuerpos de agua, los organismos acuáticos los ingieren fácilmente, lo que altera los ciclos de vida y las cadenas alimentarias. En el suelo su presencia puede afectar la calidad y la biodiversidad, mientras que en el aire permanecen suspendidos y pueden ser transportados por el viento. Los impactos de los microplásticos son preocupantes, particularmente debido a su capacidad de bioacumularse en organismos marinos y terrestres, incluidos los humanos. Esta contaminación plantea un desafío importante, que requiere un estudio detallado a través de investigaciones donde los microplásticos sean el foco, junto con el impacto que este contaminante presenta en diversos escenarios. Así, este estudio presenta los resultados de una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura sobre el tema, destacando hallazgos clave y vinculando la presencia de estos pequeños residuos con la contaminación del agua, el suelo y el aire, así como con alteraciones en la cadena alimentaria y, en consecuencia, en los humanos. Se puede concluir que este tipo de contaminación, presente en todas las formas posibles de contaminación humana, ya es una realidad por su presencia en ambientes acuáticos, afectando fundamentalmente a la cadena alimentaria. Además, estos contaminantes estudiados son más pequeños que los visibles a simple vista y se identifican como fibras y filamentos, a menudo con coloraciones predominantes azul, roja y blanca.
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